The Elementary and Secondary Education Act - 732 Words

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 was a part of the Great Society program which sent funding to primary and secondary schools, this act was enacted to hold schools responsible and to improve equality in education on a national level. This act targeted low-income families, specifically migrant and English limited families. Part of the ESEA was an attempt to close the gap which had been furthered by race and poverty, in order to improve the education of these students and their families. In recent years this has been reauthorized under the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) of 2001. (Crawford, 2011) The Equal Education Opportunities Act (EEOA) of 1974 made it so that every state was required to provide equal education to all individuals. Section 1703 of the EEOA requires state educational agencies and school districts to take find ways to overcome the issues presented to English Language Learner students in the classroom and to make it so that they can participate on a level playing field. This however did not actually require a school to enact any English as a second language program. The educators were only required to fulfill three factors: â€Å"whether the school’s program is based upon sound educational theory or principles, whether the school’s program is reasonably calculated to implement the educational theory effectively, and whether, after a period of time sufficient to give the program a legitimate trial, the results of the program show thatShow MoreRelatedThe Elementary And Secondary Education Act852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), brain child of President Johnson, was passed in 1965. ESEA was intended to mitigate disparities in access to quality academic services and learning outcomes endured by underprivileged and minority students by federally funding schools serving their communities. ESEA, later revised as No Child Left Behind, was to be one element in a larger reform agenda focused on urban redevelopment, vocational training and â€Å"EDUCATION AND HEALTH† (Thomas BradyRead MoreThe Elementary And Secondary Education Act1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), was revamped in 2001 as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Due to the time period of the inception and now, there is a pressing need for reform. Even when the law expired four years ago, Congress continued to update the out of date NCLB Act was never seriously considered by the House Committee on Education and the Workforce until now. Since the Republicans assumed control of the House of Representatives, they have created and passed a seriesRead MoreThe Reauthorization Of The Elementary And Secondary Education Act948 Words   |  4 Pages Every Student Succeeds Act was a new law that was signed into legislation in 2015 by President Barak Obama. ESSA is a biparty educational reform law was designed from several aspects of No Child Left Behind. The United States Department of Education (2015) stated that ESSA focuses on factors such as, advancing equity for the nations disadvantaged students by investing more in preschool programs, local innovations, reporting student progress on all high stakes assessmentsRead MoreEducation Reform For The Elementary And Secondary Education Act877 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of education there has been many education reforms. According to Enrique Pena Nieto â€Å"Education reform has as its main purpose to make sure that the education delivered is of quality† ( (2015 BrainyQuote INC, 2015). Whether it be for primary and secondary students, higher education, low-income students, or teachers, there is always an improvement that can be made for the better. A comparison of educati on reforms that reveals some of the positive, negative, and needed changes in education. One ofRead MoreFederal Elementary And Secondary Education Act Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesAfter the report, A Nation at Risk (1983), the federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 was reauthorized in 2001 as the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act (U.S. Department of Education, 2001). This reauthorization was a call to attain educational equality for all American students and to lessen the achievement gaps between and among ethnicity groups, children of poverty, and disabled populations (U.S. Department of Education, 2001). Additionally, because of this increased scrutinyRead MoreInclusion Of The Elementary And Secondary Education Act869 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion in education is when children with and without disabilities participate and learn together in the same class. One law that provides rights to students is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, which is a law guaranteeing special education services to all children with disabilities in the United States. Then there is the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which is a† United States Act of Congress that is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education ActRead MoreElementary And Secondary Education Act Of 20011735 Words   |  7 PagesBy: Patrice Murphy English 122 Instructor: Stephen Rogers 8/18/2014 The current version of the â€Å"Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 2001† is â€Å"The NO Child Left Behind Act of 2001†. Which supports â€Å"standard-base† education reform, each state is responsible for developing assessments in basic skills and standards. The Federal Government’s plays a part over seeing in annual testing, annual academic progress, report cards, teacher qualifications, and funding changes. ThisRead MoreElementary And Secondary Education Act Waiver Application1380 Words   |  6 PagesVirginia’s approved Elementary and Secondary Education Act waiver application, schools must meet increasing targets — referred to as Annual Measurable Objectives (AMOs) — in reading and mathematics for all students, three â€Å"Proficiency Gap Groups,† and other subgroups in order to meet federal accountability requirements† (Virginia Department of Education, 2015b, p. 1). AMO’s are not available for scienc e; however, scores can be compared with the division and the state. Newsome Park Elementary School has aRead MoreThe Elementary And Secondary Education Act And The No Child Left Behind Act1335 Words   |  6 PagesEvery Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was enacted into law on December 10, 2015 by former President Barack Obama. This law replaced the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 that President George W. Bush passed into law during his presidency. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) replaced the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 which was passed by Lyndon Johnson. The ESSA â€Å"reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education law and longstandingRead MoreBilingual Student Sector Of The Elementary And Secondary Education Act Of 1965871 Words   |  4 Pagesstudent sector of our education system. The most impactful legislation, I believe, that was a vital toward helping this sector, was Title VII of the Ele mentary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, signed into law on January 2, 1968 by President Lyndon Johnson. As a formal teacher, President Johnson was an avid believer in equal opportunities for those children of low-income families, of which many of the EL students were. Title VII I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 â€Å"promot[ed]

The Black Belt Region Of Alabama - 1307 Words

One of the many problems that people in the United States face today is the problem of unemployment. Unfortunately, many Americans who are in desperate need of steady income just cannot find a reliable source of employment. In the United States, the rate of unemployment is currently 4.8 percent. Furthermore, in the state of Alabama, the unemployment rate in 5.9 percent. By looking at those statistics, it is easy to see that there definitely could be a direct correlation between high unemployment rates and rural areas. The Black Belt region of Alabama has some of the highest rates of unemployment in the nation. The region known as the Black Belt is in parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Tennessee. Specifically in Alabama, the†¦show more content†¦Additionally, there are many vacant buildings and lots in these towns where production facilities used to sit that could still be used and would not take away necessary farming land. Furthermore, incentives could be offered t o the plants if they opened in these rural areas. Local government (not state or national, as that could cause even more issues) could provide small tax cuts to the business for opening in their town, such as a lowered taxes on the land on which they build their facility, or lowered tax rates on the water supply for the building. Because these towns will be receiving more income from sales tax as new people travel to the area, these small cuts will be minuscule in the eyes of the money that will be flowing in from the new jobs being formed. Luckily for these plants, in many rural areas, there are already abandoned buildings that could be bought and used for production. Additionally, these businesses will benefit by opening in small towns by having committed workers who live nearby and will be willing to work their hardest for the company. In recent times, many politicians have promised to bring jobs back to the United States. If these politicians stay true to their word, unemploymen t single caution light that hangs over the center of my town is a warning to those who are entering the town. It says, â€Å"Turn around; there absolutely is nothing here.† To help out theseShow MoreRelatedAlabam A Big Part Of Alabama s Geography2029 Words   |  9 Pages Alabama By Isaac Hilton ‘Climbed lone Nebo’s Mount to see, Alabama, Alabama!’ You painfully hike up the last bit of Alabama’s highest mountain, with an elevation of 2,411ft. When you get to the top, a feeling of pride washes over you for conquering this colossal mountain. You’re so thirsty, you could drink the whole ocean. Instead, you drain the rest of your quarter-full water bottle. You’re as starving as a shark, ready to kill its’ prey. You eat your whole sandwich in 30 seconds. Now you sitRead MoreThe State Of Mississippi And How It Became The Territory It Is Today738 Words   |  3 Pageshalf of the 19th century, Mississippi was the top cotton producer in the United States of America, and owners of very big plantations depended on the labor of black slaves. Mississippi seceded from the union in 1861 and suffered greatly during the American civil right war. Civil rights movement after slavery was abolished gave hope to black American in the south includi ng Mississippi. In the early 21th century, Mississippi ranked among America’s poorest states. In the 19th century Mississippi deltaRead MoreO Connor s Life1323 Words   |  6 Pageswhere her short stories begin to form and her desire to share her experiences of love, friendship, and life blossomed into these short stories. O’Connor’s writing centers around her upbringing in the old south, the strong religious nature of the Bible Belt, all while characterizing her youthfulness are highlighted in two of her greatest short stories titled; â€Å"Good Country People† (O Connor) and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† (O Connor). Through the use of Flannery O’Connor’s life and relationship experienceRead More`` Rosa Young : Life + Christ = Success?1738 Words   |  7 Pagesadversities would it then encourage us as Christians to continue our efforts to advance the kingdom of God? The answer is unknown, however; the work of missionaries cont inues on. The work of a missionary can be summarized as one who is sent into a region (neighborhood, city, state or country) to engage in evangelism. One who promotes a ministry of service that educates in areas like literacy, social justice, health care and economic development. A calling by God that is referenced by many religiousRead MoreThe For Multiracial Marriages And Multiracial Individual Identity1661 Words   |  7 Pagesgeographically dispersed. Hispanics and Asians differ from white Europeans, of course—most significantly, for these purposes, Americans tend to view them as racial groups rather than ethnic groups. And race divisions, especially between whites and blacks, have historically been far less permeable. So the blending of today’s new racial minorities through multiracial marriage is breaking new ground. Multiracial marriages have been rising dramatically. In 1960 (before federal statistics enumerated HispanicsRead MoreEssay on Scalawags2462 Words   |  10 Pagesuniquely hateful. Blacks were considerable more understand then the faults of a scalawags who was considered a traitor to the south and his own white race.  · They were primarily thought to be poor whites who had opposed the southern aristocracy and the confederacy and who now sought personal and class gains through the republican party. The mean and lousy filty kind that are not fit for butlers or dogs.  · Numbering in the 10s of thousands, they blurred the stark contrast in black/white racial divisionRead MoreGlobalization Is The Increasing Inter Connectedness Of People And Places Through Converging Economic, Political, And Cultural Activities2821 Words   |  12 Pagesthat 30% of the region s ozone comes from beyond it s borders. China and Mexico are large contributors to this number. Global climate change in North Africa will greatly affect the region. Temperature changes will impact the region due to evaporation rates causing the plants to get less water and the earth having lower liquidation levels. Dry land cropping systems that can t depend on irrigation will be affected and will be less likely to grow, or will grow smaller. The regions already stressedRead MoreThe History and Culture of the Cherokee Civilization Essay example1122 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Cherokee, a very large tribe, lived in the region of the Smokey Appalachians Mountains. The Cherokee were forced to relocate to the Appalachian Mountains after they were defeated at war by the Delaware. The tribe was divided into seven clans. The tribe’s men were not allowed to marry within there tribes, this was a great taboo in the Cherokee society. The seven tribes inhabited North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Virginia and Georgia. Once the man married he left his tribeRead MoreEthical Behavior Involving Human Subjects1637 Words   |  7 PagesBiomedical and Behavioral Research into effect via the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) (1974). The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments took place in Tuskegee Alabama, at a time when the majority of share croppers where poor, black and uneducated. This region of the country which is considered now to be the Bible Belt, used to be dubbed the Black Belt. With the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Research Involving Hu man Subjects, research and practices are defined by basic ethical guidelines accordingRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Growing Epidemic1969 Words   |  8 PagesA Growing Epidemic Sociology Group 5 Baptist College of Health Sciences Abstract HIV/AIDS has affected individuals from various walks of life all over the country but over the past decade this disease his greatly impacted the southern region of the United States. Over the years studies have been conducted to determine the contributing factors for this increase of HIV/AIDS rates in the South. Research findings have produced similar conclusions such as high rates of poverty, lack of

Sin in the Scarlet Letter free essay sample

Choose one and compose an essay in response to the questions it raises. The essay should be 3-5 pages in length, should be carefully proofread, and should follow the guidelines defined by MLA. Due Tuesday, September 27, 2011, at the beginning of class. 1. Explain how The Scarlet Letter may be read as a â€Å"psychological novel. † You may want to focus on the psychological nature of one or two characters, or you may want to trace a particular aspect of psychology across a number of characters. You should familiarize yourself with at least some basic concepts of psychology (repression, the unconscious, etc. ) and the appropriate terms used to describe them. 2. Do you consider Hester to be a strong female character? Or, to put it in another way, is The Scarlet Letter a feminist novel? You will need to provide, first, your own definition of the term â€Å"feminist† before you move on to your argument about the topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Sin in the Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is the significance of nature in The Scarlet Letter? What are some of the ways in which Hawthorne use aspects of nature or natural settings in the novel, and what do you make of these representations? . What do you make of Hawthorne’s character Pearl? Although she at first appears to be a secondary character in the novel, Pearl figures significantly into many of the novel’s key narrative events. How do Pearl’s actions represent her distinct identity? What is Pearl’s significance in the novel as a whole (and do not forget to consider what happens to Pearl at the conclusion of the narrative)? 5. The novel makes extensive use of symbols. Discuss the difference between the Puritans’’ use of symbols (the meteor, for example) and the way that the narrator makes use of symbols. Do both have religious implications? Do symbols foreshadow events or simply comment on them after the fact? How do they help the characters understand their lives, and how do they help the reader understand Hawthorne’s book? 6. Children play a variety of roles in this novel. Pearl is both a blessing and a curse to Hester, and she seems at times to serve as Hester’s conscience. The town children, on the other hand, are cruel and brutally honest about their opinion of Hester and Pearl. Why are children presented as more perceptive and more honest than adults? How do children differ from adults in their potential for expressing these perceptions?

Who Wins Witherisa Essays - Managed Care, Health Economics

Who Wins Witherisa David pham #63540197 Writing 39C Proposal Paper 3 June 1999 Who Wins With ERISA? The system of managed care began in the United States in the early 1900s, in an effort ?to provide coordinated health care in a cost-effective way?(Amer. Assoc. of Retired Persons). Until recently,? managed care has emerged from the shadows to become the dominant form of health insurance and delivery,? succeeding the older fee-for-service program (Zelman and Berenson 2). Today, about 160 million Americans are enrolled in some kind of managed care plan. Managed care ?has made health care more affordable andmore accessible for Americans. But sometimes cost cutting can lead to lower standards? (Clinton 1). Because managed care plans provide medical care to their members at a fixed rate, there is a substantial limit to the medical care each member can receive. Under this system of prepayment, managed care organizations (MCOs) can profit off every dollar of revenue that is not directly spent on patient care. This produces the problem of incentives, or temptations for MCOs not to provide sufficient medical care to their members, all too often resulting in tragedy (Fox, et al. 56). This problem explicitly impacts the estimated 125 million Americans who receive health insurance through MCOs that are provided by their employers. A federal law known as the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) governs these self-insured plans. Under the Employment Retirement Income Security Act, ERISA-regulated MCOs are not legally held accountable for their actions. Until Congress passes The Patients' Bill of Rights, MCOs will continually and wrongfully deny patients from quality care. Health costs have continually risen over the last decade. The average-income American family now spends an estimated $5,000 per year on health care alone, an amount that more than doubled from 1988-1996 (Maciejewski). In an effort to relieve working Americans from this burden, Congress devised a federal tax law that would enable employees to obtain tax benefits for health insurance through their employers. Today, the vast majority of insured Americans acquire their health insurance through the workplace. ERISA governs the employer-based health system to protect employees from the potential abuses from their health plans (Amer. Psych. Assc.). Although both the tax code and ERISA were concocted to help and protect employees, they play an indirect role in shaping the inefficiencies that envelop the employer-based system of health care. Subsequently, regulations imposed by managed care organizations (MCO) on physicians also contribute to the inefficiency. Under today's tax code, Americans can receive a discount on health insurance, granted that they attain it through an employer. The reason for this stems from a single provision of the Internal Revenue Code, ?which excludes employer premiums from the employee's taxable income? (Goodman). This means that health benefits provided by insurers are exempted from an individual's earnings, treating them as if they were expendable to the actual income. This tax alleviation ?can reduce the cost of health insurance by 30 percent or more for an average-income family? (Goodman). By calculation, ?an extra dollar of earnings can be used to buy a dollar's worth of health insurance as an alternative to 70 cents of take-home pay? (Goodman). In contrast, individuals who purchase their own health insurance receive no tax benefits; therefore, most employees choose to join their employer-based health plan coverage. Many employers want to ensure that their workers have good access to health care so that they are more likely to stay healthy. Despite having to provide health insurance for their employees, employers also have to worry about the competition in the market. Because of this added obstacle, ?employers will strive to push their employees into the least expensive insurance program in order to cut costs and remain competitive? (Gervais). Employers tend to favor managed care organizations because of their cost-cutting strategies. Doctor Robert P. Gervais, member and Board of Director of Physicians Who Care, explains MCOs' cost-cutting approach: managed care instruments promise to rein in medical costs by paying doctors, hospitals, and nurses more money to do less for patients?When fewer health care services are provided, health care costs should go down. It is clear that patients lose under a managed care system? (Gervais). Employees are also usually limited to the choice of one health plan?that which their employer chooses to provide (The Center for Patient Advocacy). This is unfair to employees because they cannot shop around to find a health plan that would best suit their needs. The whole medical system becomes inefficient. The tax code neglects that individual choice is ruled out in the employer-based health system. How could quality care be insured in the health care system if individual choice does not exist? Furthermore, the tax code fabricates health care as an invisible benefit, ?seemingly free to employees? because costs are directly deducted from

A Psychological Perspective on Behaviorism

A Psychological Perspective on Behaviorism Free Online Research Papers John Watson was born in 1878 and at the age of 16, went to college. He attained a Masters degree at the age of 21, from where he went on to be a school principal. His job lasted a year and then he moved on to attend school once more at the University of Chicago. There he studied philosophy under John Dewey. He was not satisfied with Deweys teachings so he sought out a different advisor and settled on functionalist psychologist James Rowland Angell and physiologist Henry Donaldson (Wikipedia, 2007). Taking what he learned from Angell and Donaldson, Watson began forming his own theories about behavior, eventually known as behaviorism. John B. Watson was soon to become known as the founder of the school of behaviorism in psychology. According to Wikipedia, Behaviorism (also called learning perspective) is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do- including acting, thinking and feeling- can and should be regarded as behaviors. Watsons theory was considered classical behaviorism otherwise known as classical conditioning. Watsons view on behavior was that it was purely elicited. He believed that people did not experience emotions, that they were a response to some other stimuli. Watsons goal for classical behaviorism was to create a more objective science. John Watsons most famous experiment was that of little Albert. Albert was a small child who was brought to work everyday by his parent, a laboratory worker. Everyday Albert would play with the lab rats to keep himself occupied. Watson viewed Alberts activity with the rat as a stimulus. Albert was given the rat (stimuli) which elicited the play behavior. In the experiment, Albert was given the rat to play with, only now the sound of a hammer hitting a metal bar was introduced when the play behavior began. After seven presentations of the rat and the loud sound that scared Albert, a new response was noticed, crying, whenever the rat was introduced back to Albert (Watson Rayner, 1920). This fear response generalized to a new stimuli: Albert also showed fear (CR) when things (CS) similar to the fuzzy lab rat were presented (e.g., men with beards, dogs, fur coats, Santa Claus masks) (Mclntyre, 2003). John Watson was an innovator as well as the father of the school of behaviorism. His work in classical conditioning continues on today in both psycholo gy and in the zoological society. B.F. Skinner, born in 1904, attended college at the Hamilton College in New York. He received a degree in English Literature in 1926 with the intention of becoming a writer. After a year of unsuccessful writing, he chanced upon a copy of Bertrand Russells recently published book An Outline of Philosophy, in which Russell discussed the behaviorist philosophy of psychologist John B. Watson (Wikipedia, 2007). After reading the book Skinner decided to seek admission to Harvard University as a psychology student. Even as a student at Harvard, Skinner became a forward thinker. While a graduate student, he invented the operant conditioning chamber and cumulative recorder, developed the rate of response as a critical dependent variable in psychological research, and developed a powerful, inductive, data-driven method of experimental research (Wikipedia, 2007). After attaining his Ph.D. in psychology in 1931, Skinner went on to create his own school of thought known as Radical Behaviorism. Skinners theory suggests that behaviors are a result of the environment, that the behavior exhibited causes effects, whether positive or negative, that determines the probability of the behavior being reproduced. His theory also paid heavy attention to the schedule of reinforcement. The reinforcement schedule suggests that the more that the behavior is rewarded, the higher the chances that the behavior will reoccur whereas the absence of a reward decreases the probability of the behavior repeating itself. Skinn ers type of conditioning has become known as operant conditioning.It is true that both Watson and Skinner have similar outlooks on behavior however; they do have one major difference. John B. Watson argued against the use of references to mental states, and held that psychology should study behavior directly, holding private events as impossible to study scientifically. Skinner rejected this position conceding the importance of thinking, feelings and inner behavior in his analysis (Wikipedia, 2007). In other words, Skinner believed everything was a behavior, including emotions and that they too should be considered. Edward C. Tolman, born in 1886, received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1915 and although Tolman firmly behaviorist in his methodology, he was not a radical behaviorist like B.F. Skinner (Wikipedia, 2007). Tolman believed that learning could occur without a rein forcer (such as a food reward commonly used with animals in both classic and operant conditioning). He believed that what was learned could be used in other environments, that the behavior was not just an automatic response to the stimuli. Tolman, even with a behaviorist view on his subjects, became known for his cognitive theory of learning, he thought of learning as developing from bits of knowledge and cognitions about the environment and how organisms relate to it (a2zpsychology, 2006). Tolmans experiments also involved lab rats but Tolman studied the results of the rats running mazes without the reward. This study introduced the theory of latent learning (that learning can occur with the absence of a reward). This theory relates to humans as well. Tolman believed that humans learn without being aware of it, only when the information is needed, does the person become aware of the learning that occurred. Tolman also believed that motive drives behavior and only when there is a shift in the motive, will there be a disturbance of that behavior. Eventually, Tolmans theories led him to chart cognition. Cognitive maps are a method we use to structure and store spatial knowledge, allowing the minds eye to visualize images in order to reduce cognitive load, and enhance recall and learning of information (Wikipedia, 2007). So even though Tolman studied behavior, he came upon other mental theories. In Conclusion In comparison, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman were all behaviorists of some sort. They all believed that behavior was the underlying reason that a person functioned the way that they did. It was only in the details that they differed. Watson, a classical behaviorist, believed that there was a connection between response and environment. According to Mclntyre 2003), Prominent researchers identified with this orientation noted that an event that formally did not elicit a behavior (known as a neutral stimulus) can be made to do so by pairing (presenting) it with an unconditioned (already present) stimulus. This newly effective stimulus (and the responses to it) are said to be conditioned (trained). Watsons theories continue to be practiced in modern psychology. When a patient has difficulty with certain behaviors, many psychologists will try to reverse it with behavior modification. For example, a person with a fear of planes may go to a psychologist who will then expose the person to pictures of planes, then move to exposing the person to a virtual flight, then take the person to an airport, on the second trip to the airport, the person will stand in a terminal, the next visit it may be to sit on a plane, then eventually, to take a short flight. All these exercises would gradually desensitize the person to their fears, thus changing the behavior. Skinners theory was a bit different from Watsons in that behavior was a result of consequence. He rejected the idea of inner causes for behavior, and placed emphasis on observable behavior as opposed to the theorizing, based on unverifiable evidence, often done by others (Mclntyre, 2003). He believed that the reappearance of a behavio r was based solely on the consequence received at the time the behavior was presented. Skinner also believed that a schedule of reinforcement could help or hinder the progression of the behavior. If the behavior was rewarded every single time, the behavior would eventually extinguish. Skinner believed that behaviors still needed to be driven; that there needs to be motivation in order for the behavior to occur again. Skinners theory is still a practiced psychology. His theory however, is used more frequently among animal trainers. Animal trainers use operant conditioning to elicit responses from animals. Trainers will usually take a natural behavior and turn it into a solicited behavior. Take for example, the dolphin that jumps out of the water. In a controlled environment, that behavior would be rewarded when it is observed. Eventually the animals behavior would be paired with a hand gesture or a whistle and be rewarded with a fish. After several pairings the animal will associate the whistle with the jump and the reward, this it has been conditioned to produce a beha vior motivated by reward. Finally, Tolmans theory of behavior, learning could occur even with the absence of a reward and could happen without knowledge that learning occurred. However, one of Tolmans greatest discoveries had to do with the cognitive map. While Tolman researched behavior, he noted the thought processes that occurred within his subjects. This lead Tolman to be seen as the father of cognitive theory. His cognition map is used in modern psychology as well as a number of other professions. Watson. Skinner and Tolman were all fathers in the field of psychology. Their ideas contributed to the way that behavior is seen. Their theories have helped to create many forms of behavior modification as well as the processes that occur during thought. Although psychologys theories grow and change daily, these three psychologists theories will maintain their values in modern psychology. References: A2zpsychology (2006). Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959). Retrieved on November 23, 2007 from a2zpsychology.com/great_psychologists/edward_c_tolman.htm B.F. Skinner (2007). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._F._Skinneroldid=173748857 Cognitive Map (2007). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_mapoldid=171599404 Edward C. Tolman (2007). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_C._Tolmanoldid=170339259 John B. Watson. (2007) In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on November 24, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_B._Watsonoldid=172124112 Mclntyre, T. (2003). The History of Behaviorism. Retrieved on November 23, 2007 from behavioradvisor.com/BehavoristHistory.html Watson, J., Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned Emotional Reactions. Retrieved on November 25, 2006 from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/emotion.htm Research Papers on A Psychological Perspective on BehaviorismEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and AutumnThe Hockey Game

African Elephant Facts

African Elephant Facts The African elephant (Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis) is the largest land animal on the planet. Found in sub-Saharan Africa, this majestic herbivore is known for its remarkable physical adaptations as well as its intelligence. Fast Facts: African Elephants Scientific Name: Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotisCommon Names:  African elephant: savannah elephant or bush elephant and forest elephantBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 8–13 feet tall, length of 19–24 feetWeight: 6,000–13,000 poundsLifespan: 60–70 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat: Sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: 415,000Conservation Status: Vulnerable Description There are two subspecies of African elephant: savanna or bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). African bush elephants are lighter gray, larger, and their tusks curve outwards; the forest elephant is darker gray in color and has tusks that are straighter and point downward. Forest elephants make up about one-third to one-quarter of the total elephant population in Africa. Elephants have a number of adaptations that help them to survive. Flapping their large ears enables them to cool down in hot weather, and their large size deters predators. The elephants long trunk reaches food sources located in otherwise inaccessible places, and the trunks are also used in communication and vocalization. Their tusks, which are upper incisors that continue to grow throughout their lifetimes, can be used to strip vegetation and dig to obtain food. Habitat and Range African elephants are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, where they typically live in plains, woodlands, and forests. They tend not to be territorial, and they roam large ranges through several habitats and across international borders. They are found in dense forests, open and closed savannas, grasslands, and in the deserts of Namibia and Mali. They range between the northern tropics to the southern temperate zones in Africa and are found at the oceans beaches and on mountain slopes and elevations everywhere in between. Elephants are habitat modifiers or ecological engineers that physically alter their environments affecting the resources and changing the ecosystems. They push over, debark, break branches and stems, and uproot trees, which causes changes in tree height, canopy cover, and species composition. Studies have shown that the changes generated by the elephants are actually quite beneficial to the ecosystem, creating an increase in total biomass (up to seven times the original), an increase in nitrogen in the content of new leaves, as well as an increase in habitat complexity and food availability. The net effect is a multilayered canopy and a continuum of leaf biomass supporting their own and other species.   Edwin Godinho / EyeEm  /  Getty Images Diet Both subspecies of African elephants are herbivores, and most of their diet (65 percent to 70 percent) consists of leaves and bark. They will also eat a wide variety of plants, including grass and fruit: Elephants are bulk feeders and require an enormous amount of food to survive, consuming an estimated 220–440 pounds of forage  daily. Access to a permanent source of water is critical- most elephants drink frequently, and they need to obtain water at least once every two days. Elephant mortality is quite high in drought-affected regions. Behavior Female African elephants form matriarchal groupings. The dominant female is the matriarch and the head of the grouping, and the rest of the group consists primarily of the females offspring. Elephants use low-frequency rumbling sounds to communicate within their groupings. In contrast, male African elephants are mostly solitary and nomadic. They temporarily associate with different matriarchal groups as they seek mating partners. Males assess each others physical prowess by play-fighting with one another. Male elephants behavior is linked to their musth period, which typically takes place during winter. During musth, male elephants secrete an oily substance called temporin from their temporal glands. Their testosterone levels are as much as six times higher than normal during this period. Elephants in musth can become aggressive and violent. The exact evolutionary cause for musth is not definitively known, though research suggests that it may be linked to the assertion and reorganization of dominance. Reproduction and Offspring Elephants are polyandrous and polygamous; mating happens year round, whenever females are in estrus. They give birth to one or rarely two live young about once every three years. Gestation periods are approximately 22 months long. Newborns weigh between 200 and 250 pounds each. They are weaned after 4 months although they may continue to take milk from the mothers as part of their diet for up to three years. Young elephants are tended by the mother and other females in the matriarchal grouping. They become fully independent at the age of eight. Female elephants reach sexual maturity at about 11 years of age; males at 20. The lifespan of an African elephant is typically between 60 and 70 years.   Patrick Robert - Corbis  /Getty Images Misconceptions Elephants are beloved creatures, but they arent always fully understood by humans. Misconception: Elephants drink water through their trunks. Truth: While elephants use their trunks in the drinking process, they dont drink through it. Instead, they use the trunk to scoop water into their mouths.Misconception: Elephants are afraid of mice. Truth: While elephants may be startled by the darting movement of mice, they have not been proven to have a specific fear of mice.Misconception: Elephants mourn their dead. Truth: Elephants demonstrate an interest in the remains of their dead, and their interactions with those remains often seem ritualistic and emotional. However, scientists have not yet determined the precise cause of this mourning process, nor have they determined the degree to which elephants understand death. Threats The main threats to the continued existence of elephants on our planet are poaching, habitat loss, and climate change. In addition to overall population loss, poaching removes a majority of bulls over the age of 30 and females over the age of 40. Animal researchers believe that the loss of older females is particularly acute, as it impacts the social networks of elephant herds. Older females are the repositories of ecological knowledge who teach calves where and how to find food and water. Although there is evidence that their social networks are restructured after the loss of the older females, orphaned calves tend to leave from their natal core groups and die alone. Poaching has decreased with the institution of international laws prohibiting them, but it does continue to be a threat to these animals. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies African elephants as vulnerable, while the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System classifies them as threatened. According to the Great Elephant Census of 2016, there are approximately 350,000 African savanna elephants located in 30 countries. Between 2011 and 2013, more than 100,000 elephants were killed, mostly by poachers seeking their tusks for ivory. The African Wildlife Foundation estimates there are 415,000 African elephants in 37 countries, including both savanna and forest subspecies, and that 8 percent are killed by poachers annually. Sunshine Seeds/Getty Images Sources Blanc, J. Loxodonta africana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T12392A3339343, 2008.Elephant. African Wildlife Foundation.  Foley, Charles A. H., and Lisa J. Faust. Rapid Population Growth in an Elephant Loxodonta Africana Population Recovering from Poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Oryx 44.2 (2010): 205–12. Print.Goldenberg, Shifra Z., and George Wittemyer. Orphaning and Natal Group Dispersal Are Associated with Social Costs in Female Elephants. Animal Behaviour 143 (2018): 1–8. Print.Kohi, Edward M., et al. African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) Amplify Browse Heterogeneity in African Savanna. Biotropica 43.6 (2011): 711–21. Print.McComb, Karen, et al. Matriarchs as Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants. Science 292.5516 (2001): 491–94. Print.Tchamba, Martin N., et al. Plant Biomass Density as an Indicator of Food Supply for Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) in Waza National Park, Cameroon. Tropical Conservation Scie nce 7.4 (2014): 747–64. Print. The Status of African elephants. World Wildlife Magazine, Winter 2018.Wato, Yussuf A., et al. Prolonged Drought Results in Starvation of African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana). Biological Conservation 203 (2016): 89–96. Print.Wittemyer, G., and W. M. Getz. Hierarchical Dominance Structure and Social Organization in African Elephants, Loxodonta Africana. Animal Behaviour 73.4 (2007): 671–81. Print.

Ladders and stairways safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ladders and stairways safety - Essay Example Stairway or ladder is considered as essential to provide to the employees when nineteen inches or more elevation has to be made without any ramp, embankment, runway or personal hoist. It should be kept in mind that it is mandatory for the employers to provide its employees a ladder or a stairway in every such point of transition. If the two levels are joined by only one point of transition employers should keep that point clear of any obstacles so that the employees are ensured of a free passage of movement. However even after taking adequate precaution if that transit point gets clumsy so that the movement of the employees gets severely restricted, the employer should prepare a second point of transition between the same two levels and provide its access to their employees. Furthermore if on from the very beginning or in the course of work a certain working place gets more than once access point between two levels the employers have to ensure that one of the transit point must be open for all the time and it should be cleared of any obstacle as well. A culmination of cautiousness, precaution and technology has to be used to ensure ladder safety at work place. To avoid slipping hazards ladder should be kept free of any slippery materials such as oil, grease and other form of oily element. Even to maintain a ladder use of all these products are strictly prohibited. Even after taking all the precautionary measures, if somehow the surface of the steps catches oil immediate wipe is strictly recommended. Each type of ladder is constructed with a certain objective and using them for their particularly purpose would not only ensure their longevity but it will also keep away several unwanted incidents. While putting a ladder into use the surface quality must be carefully watched. If the surface is uneven or slippery it may easily